以Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法研究有机硅铝复合絮凝剂中铝的形态分布

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)、二乙氧基二甲基硅烷(DEDMS)、?-氢丙基二乙氧基甲基硅烷(APDES)这3种硅烷偶联剂为硅源.合成了新型的有机硅铝复合絮凝剂,利用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法研究了这3种絮凝剂的铝形态分布.结果表明,3种系列有机硅铝复合絮凝剂中,硅源、碱化度(B)、Si/Al摩尔比对铝形态分布都有影响.其中,碱化度对铝形态的影响较大.3种产品表现出类似的变化趋势.随碱化度的增大,Al,含量呈现下降趋势,而Alh和AIr含量则明显上升.以TEOS为硅源的产品中,Al为主要形态;以DEDMS为硅源的产品中,硅源对铝形态的影响不明显;以APDES为硅源的产品中.Alh则为主要形态,其含量随Si/Al摩尔比的增大而增多.     

Advancing indigenous self-determination through endangered species protection: Idaho gray wolf recovery

As part of the right of indigenous cultures to self-determination, several international bodies have recognized and addressed the role of indigenous communities in natural resources management, including the conservation of biodiversity. In the United States, disagreements regarding the application of the federal Endangered Species Act to Native American tribes have hindered the relationship between the federal and tribal governments on endangered species recovery. Our research examines the efforts of one Native American tribe, the Nez Perce, and the United States federal government to collaborate on federal gray wolf recovery in central Idaho. We interviewed members of the Nez Perce Tribe and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to characterize their relationship and explore the context in which the recovery program was implemented. Respondents attributed the success of the biological aspects of wolf recovery to the robustness of the wolf as a species and to close interagency coordination at the operational level. However, differences of opinion existed between the Tribe and Service concerning program funding, policy planning, and the rights and role of the Tribe in wolf management via co-management and cooperative management regimes. Respondents from both governments noted a clear hierarchical relationship at the strategic level, where policy planning and decision-making rested with the federal government. Lessons drawn from this case study can be applied across the international spectrum to improving partnerships, particularly at the strategic level, between indigenous and non-indigenous governance structures for protecting endangered species.     

中国遗传资源优先保护等级评价标准的构建

确定科学合理的生物遗传资源优先保护等级,是当前保护生物学研究的一个核心问题。文章通过分析国内外遗传资源优先保护等级评价研究进展,针对遗传资源的特点,对遗传资源与物种关系、遗传资源多样性、境外种群影响、遗传资源价值、潜在利用价值、人工繁育技术、特有情况等方面进行了探讨并提出相应建议,初步确定了遗传资源优先保护等级的评价标准,以期能为生物遗传资源的有效保护和科学管理提供参考依据。     

我国淡水生物氨氮基准研究

主要采用美国水生生物基准技术,结合美国氨氮水质基准数学模型,利用我国水生生物的氨氮毒性数据,对我国淡水生物氨氮基准进行了研究.共搜集了35种淡水生物的氨氮急性毒性数据和7种慢性毒性数据,得出的氨氮水质基准表现为以水体pH值和温度为自变量的函数,在pH 6.5～9.0、温度0～30℃的取值范围内,我国氨氮急性和慢性基准的...     

大亚湾大中型浮游动物的时空变化及其影响因素

根据2006年7月至2007年l1月在大亚湾四个季节的浮游动物调查资料,分析了大亚湾浮游动物的种类组成、优势种、群落结构、丰度和生物量的时空变化以及环境对其影响.经鉴定共有终生浮游动物105种和阶段性浮游幼虫17个类群.与以往调查资料相比,部分优势种的优势程度顺序发生了改变.由于受到季风、环流和人类活动等的影响,大亚湾...     

水生生物对三唑磷的物种敏感度分布研究

针对水环境中日益严重的有机磷农药污染问题,选择广泛使用的三唑磷作为研究对象,利用其对水生生态系统中不同营养层次生物物种的半数效应浓度(median effective concentration, EC₅₀),建立了基于对数-逻辑斯蒂分布的水生生物物种敏感度分布(species sensitivity distribution, SSD)模型,并采用概率图和吻合度检验方法对该模型进行了检验和评价.结果表明,水生生物对三唑磷的 SSD 服从对数-逻辑斯蒂分布,其参数为 α=-0.4788±0.2381,β=0.7546±0.1078.基于该 SSD 模型,获得三唑磷的 5% 危害浓度(hazardous concentration for 5% of the species, HC₅)值为 1.992×10^-3 mg/L,并推导出三唑磷的最大浓度基准值(criteria maximum concentration, CMC)值为 9.96×10^-4 mg/L.对 HC₅、CMC 与单一物种的安全浓度的比较研究指出,基于 SSD 方法制定环境质量标准更为严格,也更接近于真实的生态环境.另外,根据渤海莱州湾海域中三唑磷的监测数据,预测了其对物种的潜在影响比例(potentially affected fraction, PAF)为 0.36%,对该水域生态环境的影响处于较低风险水平.     

不同氮源和曝气方式对淡水藻类生长的影响

利用水族箱微宇宙研究了2种氮源水体中不同曝气条件对藻类生长的影响.试验使用铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和硝态氮(NO₃^--N)作为氮源,每种氮源水体分别设置不曝气、连续曝气、昼间曝气和夜间曝气4个处理.结果显示:试验初期以NH₄⁺-N为主要氮源的水体中藻类生长明显好于以NO₃^--N为主要氮源的水体.试验后期则以NO₃^--N为主要氮源的藻类生长情况更好.连续曝气对于2种氮源水体中藻类生长有着不同的影响;昼间曝气对2种氮源的藻类生长影响不大;而夜间曝气对藻类生长有明显的抑制作用.NH₄⁺-N含量较高的水体中蓝藻容易成为优势种,而NO₃^--N含量高的水体中则以绿藻为主.不同曝气条件下藻类优势种没有明显差别.     

氧活性粒子氧化NO生成HNO_3

采用强电离介质阻挡放电方法制取高浓度氧活性粒子(O+2、O3)并注入气体外排烟道中,实现O+2、O3氧化NO转化成资源酸(HNO3)的等离子化学反应。描述强电离放电的氧活性粒子产生器,讨论烟道中O+2、O3氧化NO成HNO3等离子体反应机制,分析回收酸液的NO-2、NO-3离子种类及浓度。考察强电离放电等离子体源的输入功率、水体积百分比、气体温度、气体流速对NOx氧化率的影响。氧化率为97.2%的最佳实验条件是:O+2浓度为1.38×1010个/cm3,O3浓度为210 mg/L,烟气温度为65℃,H2O体积浓度为5.6%,停留时间为0.94 s。     

中国典型河湖水体铅的水生生物安全基准与生态风险评价

采用物种敏感度排序法(SSR)对我国铅的淡水水生生物安全基准进行推导,并以太湖为例进行了流域水生生物安全基准推导。对于难以获得的本土生物毒性数据,开展了相应的毒性试验。获得了我国国家与太湖流域铅的水生生物安全基准值,基准最大浓度(CMC)分别为63.92、104.26μg·L-1,基准连续浓度(CCC)分别为1.21、4.06μg·L-1。同时,对我国主要河流以及太湖流域进行了铅的生态风险评价,联合概率曲线法显示影响5%水生生物种类的概率分别为66.22%和43.19%,熵值法则显示中国主要河流存在较大的铅暴露风险,因此,我国铅的潜在生态风险较大,主要河流与太湖流域存在铅污染问题。     

The Value of Using Feasibility Models in Systematic Conservation Planning to Predict Landholder Management Uptake

Understanding the social dimensions of conservation opportunity is crucial for conservation planning in multiple‐use landscapes. However, factors that influence the feasibility of implementing conservation actions, such as the history of landscape management, and landholders’ willingness to engage are often difficult or time consuming to quantify and rarely incorporated into planning. We examined how conservation agencies could reduce costs of acquiring such data by developing predictive models of management feasibility parameterized with social and biophysical factors likely to influence landholders’ decisions to engage in management. To test the utility of our best‐supported model, we developed 4 alternative investment scenarios based on different input data for conservation planning: social data only; biological data only; potential conservation opportunity derived from modeled feasibility that incurs no social data collection costs; and existing conservation opportunity derived from feasibility data that incurred collection costs. Using spatially explicit information on biodiversity values, feasibility, and management costs, we prioritized locations in southwest Australia to control an invasive predator that is detrimental to both agriculture and natural ecosystems: the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). When social data collection costs were moderate to high, the most cost‐effective investment scenario resulted from a predictive model of feasibility. Combining empirical feasibility data with biological data was more cost‐effective for prioritizing management when social data collection costs were low (<4% of the total budget). Calls for more data to inform conservation planning should take into account the costs and benefits of collecting and using social data to ensure that limited funding for conservation is spent in the most cost‐efficient and effective manner.